Where Immigrant New Yorkers Go to Work

Data - October 2016

Immigrants form an essential part of New York City's workforce. This data brief reveals where the city's immigrants go to work, including industries with a surprisingly high proportion of immigrant workers and others where immigrants are almost completely left out.

by Christian González-Rivera

Tags: immigrants workforce development inequality economic opportunity low income data

Nearly half of all workers in New York City are immigrants. From manual laborers to civil engineers, these workers form the backbone of myriad industries and play an enormous role in the city’s economy across all five boroughs.

In order to better understand the city’s immigrant workforce, this data brief breaks down the share of foreign- and native-born workers by every occupation in New York City. A dive into the data reveals a host of surprising findings, including industries with a surprisingly high proportion of immigrant workers and others where immigrants are almost completely left out.

Immigrants form a large and growing part of the city’s workforce, but they are clustered in a relatively small number of occupations. More than half of the foreign-born population works in just 27 occupations, the majority of which pay low wages for labor under tough conditions. For example, 89 percent of maids and housekeepers in Queens are foreign-born, as are 79 percent of Brooklyn’s 55,325 home health aides.

Ten Occupations with the Highest Share of Immigrant Workers

Pressers, textile, garment, and related: 96 percent foreign-born
Sewing machine operators: 93 percent
Dishwashers: 92 percent
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers: 91 percent
Taxi Drivers and Chauffers: 88 percent
Masons: 86 percent
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers: 85 percent
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers: 83 percent
Maids and housekeeping cleaners: 83 percent
Painters: 82 percent

Foreign-born New Yorkers are more likely to be stuck in lower-wage jobs for a variety of reasons, including limited English proficiency (LEP), lower-than-average levels of educational achievement, and an inability to get re-credentialed in the United States for degrees obtained abroad. As a result, the median immigrant worker in the city earns just $43,700 per year, compared to the median native-born worker who earns $54,700 annually. Moreover, 28 percent of foreign-born workers earn less than $25,000 annually compared to just 14 percent of native-born workers. In New York City, the working poor tend to be immigrants.

Insecurity regarding immigration status also confines many workers to poorly paid jobs and makes workers susceptible to exploitation. Of the city’s 2.4 million working-age immigrants, approximately 700,000 are permanent residents (green card holders) and roughly 574,000 are undocumented. Only about 60,000 of these undocumented immigrants are eligible for temporary work authorization under the federal Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.

By comparison, the occupations with the lowest share of immigrant workers tend to offer better paying jobs that provide a pathway to the middle class. This list includes occupations that could be accessible to far more immigrant workers; for example, a surprisingly high percentage of jobs in the growing film and TV production industry are held by native-born workers, as well as 92 percent of the city’s firefighter jobs.

Ten Occupations with the Lowest Share of Immigrant Workers

Firefighters: 92 percent native-born
TV/Video/Film camera operators: 87 percent
Writers and authors: 86 percent
Sound Engineering Technicians: 86 percent
PR specialists: 84 percent
Police supervisors and detectives: 84 percent
Actors: 84 percent
Lawyers, judges, and other judicial workers: 84 percent
Speech language pathologists: 84 percent
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes: 84 percent

The data also reveals many higher-wage occupations that still have a significant share of immigrant workers. In 37 different occupations throughout the city, at least 70 percent of the workforce is foreign-born. This includes low-wage jobs such as cooks and parking lot attendants (both 78 percent foreign-born), but also medical technicians (71 percent) and welding, soldering, and brazing workers (72 percent).

Ten Higher-Wage Occupations with Large Share of Foreign-Born Workers

Medical and life scientists: 70 percent foreign-born
Civil engineers: 60 percent
Pharmacists: 59 percent
Registered nurses: 58 percent
Tax preparers: 57 percent
Dentists: 55 percent
Travel agents: 54 percent
Mechanical engineers: 53 percent
Biological scientists: 53 percent
Physicians and surgeons: 45 percent

In addition, certain fields have experienced enormous growth in the population of immigrant workers. This data reflects growth in booming occupations that are predominantly staffed with immigrant workers, such as personal care aides (279 percent growth), as well as surprising growth in fields that continue to be dominated by native-born workers, such as business compliance officers (223 percent) and special education teachers (195 percent).

Ten Occupations with the Largest Growth in Immigrant Workers Since 2000

Crossing guards: 295 percent growth
Personal care aides: 279 percent
Business compliance officers: 223 percent
Drywall and ceiling tile installers: 201 percent
Special education teachers: 195 percent
Credit analysts: 176 percent
Other healthcare practicioners and technicians: 160 percent
Industrial truck operators: 156 percent
Appraisers and assessors of real estate: 147 percent
Police supervisors and detectives: 141 percent

This data brief presents a snapshot of the occupations with the largest numbers of immigrant workers across all five boroughs. The data also shows the kinds of jobs that employ immigrants who speak English less than very well. Overall, the 1.7 million LEP workers in New York City are concentrated in just nineteen occupations.

"Where Immigrant New Yorkers Go to Work" builds on a recent report by the Center for an Urban Future (CUF) and the Center for Popular Democracy, “A City of Immigrant Workers,” which explores the impact of immigrant workers on the city’s economy and calls for a coordinated strategy to include immigrants in the city’s workforce development system.

Index

Top Occupations by Share of Foreign-Born Workers

Medical aides—including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides—is both the single largest occupation in the city and by far the largest employer of immigrants. More than 82,000 immigrants work as medical aides, accounting for 76 percent of all aides in the city. Other similarly lower-paid occupations, including housekeeping and food preparation, are also top employers of immigrants. But there are some higher-paid occupations where immigrants are well represented. Half of all computer programmers, 64 percent of all licensed practical and vocational nurses, and 70 percent of all medical and life scientists are immigrants. Immigrants represent the majority of workers in many of the fastest-growing occupations in the city, including construction laborers, personal care aides, and healthcare technicians.

The profile of occupations with very few immigrants is quite different from those where immigrants are more prevalent. Occupations with the lowest shares of immigrant workers are concentrated in the arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media industries, including editors, writers, actors, and public relations specialists. In the public sector, the city’s firefighters are 92 percent native-born, surpassing the police, who are 75 percent native-born.

Occupation	Occupational Category	Workers	FB Workers	% FB	NB Workers	% NB	Change in FB Workers Since 2000
Firefighters	Protective Service	5,485	428	8%	5,057	92%	-5%
Television, Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,753	352	13%	2,401	87%	-41%
Writers and Authors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,821	2,013	14%	12,808	86%	9%
Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians and Radio Operators, and media and communication equipment workers, all other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,590	489	14%	3,101	86%	-37%
Public Relations Specialists	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,971	1,401	16%	7,570	84%	11%
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	Protective Service	2,740	429	16%	2,311	84%	141%
Actors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,778	605	16%	3,173	84%	-10%
Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	Legal	52,197	8,388	16%	43,809	84%	27%
Speech Language Pathologists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,971	479	16%	2,492	84%	12%
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	Business Operations Specialists	4,486	731	16%	3,755	84%	40%
Advertising Sales Agents	Sales and Related	9,627	1,572	16%	8,055	84%	31%
Private Detectives and Investigators	Protective Service	2,113	353	17%	1,760	83%	7%
Producers and Directors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,748	2,472	17%	12,276	83%	33%
Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	16,132	2,722	17%	13,410	83%	9%
Bailiffs, Correctional Officers, and Jailers	Protective Service	6,820	1,168	17%	5,652	83%	-13%
Advertising and Promotions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	4,641	808	17%	3,833	83%	-4%
Meeting and Convention Planners	Business Operations Specialists	2,660	465	17%	2,195	83%	134%
Budget Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,450	264	18%	1,186	82%	-13%
Psychologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	7,803	1,497	19%	6,306	81%	29%
Telemarketers	Sales and Related	1,522	293	19%	1,229	81%	-53%
Sales and Related Workers, All Other	Sales and Related	6,164	1,213	20%	4,951	80%	27%
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	Personal Care and Service	1,527	303	20%	1,224	80%	-90%
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	Protective Service	3,695	769	21%	2,926	79%	50%
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,996	422	21%	1,574	79%	39%
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	Transportation and Material Moving	4,486	995	22%	3,491	78%	8%
Social and Community Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	12,030	2,685	22%	9,345	78%	21%
Recreation and Fitness Workers	Personal Care and Service	8,985	2,065	23%	6,920	77%	81%
Archivists, Curators, and Museum Technicians	Education, Training, and Library	2,495	585	23%	1,910	77%	12%
Education Administrators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	19,274	4,695	24%	14,579	76%	36%
Actuaries	Computer and Mathematical	1,279	313	24%	966	76%	-7%
Secondary School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	15,012	3,704	25%	11,308	75%	47%
Special Education Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	5,267	1,303	25%	3,964	75%	195%
Police Officers	Protective Service	16,057	3,995	25%	12,062	75%	41%
Elementary and Middle School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	59,891	15,118	25%	44,773	75%	6%
Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,925	488	25%	1,437	75%	117%
Miscellaneous Legal Support Workers	Legal	5,906	1,503	25%	4,403	75%	22%
Miscellaneous Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers	Personal Care and Service	2,287	584	26%	1,703	74%	-27%
Marketing and Sales Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	20,381	5,247	26%	15,134	74%	-8%
Therapists, All Other	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,934	757	26%	2,177	74%	29%
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	Transportation and Material Moving	1,371	355	26%	1,016	74%	96%
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,517	925	26%	2,592	74%	-30%
Subway, Streetcar, and Other Rail Transportation Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	1,110	294	26%	816	74%	40%
Other Education, Training, and Library Workers	Education, Training, and Library	2,117	563	27%	1,554	73%	85%
Industrial Production Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,911	513	27%	1,398	73%	-64%
Paralegals and Legal Assistants	Legal	14,808	3,991	27%	10,817	73%	37%
Administrative Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,636	712	27%	1,924	73%	-8%
News Analysts, Reporters and Correspondents	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	6,538	1,767	27%	4,771	73%	15%
Sales Representatives, Services, All Other	Sales and Related	10,875	2,973	27%	7,902	73%	5%
Librarians	Education, Training, and Library	4,124	1,152	28%	2,972	72%	-19%
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Sales and Related	28,172	7,887	28%	20,285	72%	5%
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Office and Administrative Support	91,948	25,825	28%	66,123	72%	-5%
Chief executives and legislators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	23,843	6,775	28%	17,068	72%	-9%
Artists and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	12,284	3,541	29%	8,743	71%	11%
Lifeguards and Other Protective Service Workers	Protective Service	2,562	739	29%	1,823	71%	54%
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,561	1,609	29%	3,952	71%	24%
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	Office and Administrative Support	1,683	489	29%	1,194	71%	-29%
Financial Analysts	Financial Specialists	7,889	2,293	29%	5,596	71%	43%
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	6,442	1,881	29%	4,561	71%	11%
Market and Survey Researchers	Life, Physical, and Social Science	3,841	1,125	29%	2,716	71%	29%
Library Assistants, Clerical	Office and Administrative Support	2,022	593	29%	1,429	71%	-36%
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	3,071	907	30%	2,164	70%	7%
Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists	Business Operations Specialists	17,906	5,294	30%	12,612	70%	31%
Other Teachers and Instructors	Education, Training, and Library	21,582	6,394	30%	15,188	70%	54%
Host and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	3,223	961	30%	2,262	70%	10%
Insurance Underwriters	Financial Specialists	1,771	538	30%	1,233	70%	-7%
Counselors	Community and Social Services	16,647	5,075	30%	11,572	70%	36%
Personal Financial Advisors	Financial Specialists	13,717	4,183	30%	9,534	70%	72%
Elevator Installers and Repairers	Construction and Extraction	1,751	537	31%	1,214	69%	-17%
Dispatchers	Office and Administrative Support	5,952	1,835	31%	4,117	69%	9%
Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	9,242	2,863	31%	6,379	69%	94%
Miscellaneous Social Scientists, Including Survey Researchers and Sociologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,545	484	31%	1,061	69%	125%
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,640	1,148	32%	2,492	68%	138%
Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	Office and Administrative Support	3,846	1,215	32%	2,631	68%	-23%
Purchasing Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,409	763	32%	1,646	68%	5%
Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,775	563	32%	1,212	68%	60%
Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	8,230	2,611	32%	5,619	68%	17%
Supervisors, Protective Service Workers, All Other	Protective Service	2,556	823	32%	1,733	68%	-8%
Human Resources Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	6,909	2,238	32%	4,671	68%	-40%
Postsecondary Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	30,316	9,836	32%	20,480	68%	44%
General and Operations Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,011	5,196	32%	10,815	68%	9%
Financial Specialists, All Other	Financial Specialists	2,911	952	33%	1,959	67%	24%
Miscellaneous office and administrative support workers including desktop publishers	Office and Administrative Support	16,480	5,408	33%	11,072	67%	30%
Postal Service Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	4,489	1,475	33%	3,014	67%	-28%
Athletes, Coaches, Umpires, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,631	867	33%	1,764	67%	122%
Social Workers	Community and Social Services	26,666	8,825	33%	17,841	67%	22%
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,261	418	33%	843	67%	57%
Bartenders	Food Preparation and Serving	10,658	3,572	34%	7,086	66%	61%
Designers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	40,513	13,601	34%	26,912	66%	14%
Management Analysts	Business Operations Specialists	18,818	6,339	34%	12,479	66%	55%
Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	Office and Administrative Support	1,302	439	34%	863	66%	-50%
Other Business Operations Specialists	Business Operations Specialists	9,969	3,377	34%	6,592	66%	39%
Miscellaneous Managers, Including Funeral Directors, Funeral Service Managers and Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	61,379	20,850	34%	40,529	66%	46%
Locomotive Engineers and Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,520	518	34%	1,002	66%	46%
Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	Office and Administrative Support	3,764	1,288	34%	2,476	66%	-44%
Transportation Attendants	Personal Care and Service	4,183	1,436	34%	2,747	66%	-23%
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	Office and Administrative Support	32,097	11,048	34%	21,049	66%	-15%
Telephone Operators	Office and Administrative Support	1,487	515	35%	972	65%	-21%
Occupational Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,202	766	35%	1,436	65%	61%
Crossing Guards	Protective Service	2,549	892	35%	1,657	65%	295%
File Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	8,105	2,847	35%	5,258	65%	3%
Dental Hygienists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,500	527	35%	973	65%	27%
Models, Demonstrators, and Product Promoters	Sales and Related	1,607	566	35%	1,041	65%	1%
Teacher Assistants	Education, Training, and Library	28,360	9,998	35%	18,362	65%	33%
Loan Interviewers and Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,036	366	35%	670	65%	92%
Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators	Business Operations Specialists	3,502	1,246	36%	2,256	64%	16%
Insurance Sales Agents	Sales and Related	6,321	2,261	36%	4,060	64%	4%
Religious Workers, All Other	Community and Social Services	2,006	718	36%	1,288	64%	-5%
Other Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,285	820	36%	1,465	64%	-12%
Billing and Posting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	9,915	3,561	36%	6,354	64%	-6%
Miscellaneous Community and Social Service Specialists	Community and Social Services	8,333	3,009	36%	5,324	64%	50%
Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents	Sales and Related	19,700	7,114	36%	12,586	64%	47%
Receptionists and Information Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	27,120	9,836	36%	17,284	64%	18%
Word Processors and Typists	Office and Administrative Support	7,714	2,814	36%	4,900	64%	105%
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	8,924	3,257	36%	5,667	64%	-15%
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	Financial Specialists	1,194	437	37%	757	63%	147%
Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	3,571	1,309	37%	2,262	63%	-35%
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	Production	1,515	559	37%	956	63%	-46%
Financial Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	32,655	12,102	37%	20,553	63%	40%
Supervisors of Transportation and Material Moving Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	5,190	1,924	37%	3,266	63%	-7%
Announcers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,325	492	37%	833	63%	101%
Customer Service Representatives	Office and Administrative Support	36,165	13,560	37%	22,605	63%	15%
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	Community and Social Services	1,083	411	38%	672	62%	66%
Data Entry Keyers	Office and Administrative Support	11,125	4,234	38%	6,891	62%	-35%
Massage Therapists	Healthcare Support	1,882	719	38%	1,163	62%	68%
Office Clerks, General	Office and Administrative Support	39,126	14,984	38%	24,142	62%	-15%
Computer Support Specialists	Computer and Mathematical	8,271	3,171	38%	5,100	62%	38%
Photographers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,187	3,142	38%	5,045	62%	66%
Architects, Except Naval	Architecture and Engineering	10,711	4,116	38%	6,595	62%	32%
Information and Record Clerks, All Other	Office and Administrative Support	1,874	724	39%	1,150	61%	-9%
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing	Sales and Related	21,827	8,444	39%	13,383	61%	1%
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,918	1,130	39%	1,788	61%	20%
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	Computer and Mathematical	4,108	1,595	39%	2,513	61%	-16%
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	Office and Administrative Support	2,426	950	39%	1,476	61%	-12%
Computer Operators	Office and Administrative Support	3,242	1,270	39%	1,972	61%	-49%
Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,289	1,302	40%	1,987	60%	-33%
Medical and Health Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	13,451	5,354	40%	8,097	60%	52%
Postal Service Mail Carriers	Office and Administrative Support	6,679	2,665	40%	4,014	60%	15%
Bill and Account Collectors	Office and Administrative Support	1,791	721	40%	1,070	60%	-4%
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,413	1,381	40%	2,032	60%	11%
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	15,724	6,384	41%	9,340	59%	38%
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,439	601	42%	838	58%	-21%
Grounds Maintenance Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	7,197	3,031	42%	4,166	58%	31%
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	Financial Specialists	1,500	632	42%	868	58%	4%
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	Office and Administrative Support	1,597	674	42%	923	58%	-3%
Retail Salespersons	Sales and Related	76,836	32,674	43%	44,162	57%	20%
Operations Research Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	1,654	712	43%	942	57%	-19%
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales	Sales and Related	21,939	9,461	43%	12,478	57%	22%
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	5,782	2,507	43%	3,275	57%	16%
Computer and Information Systems Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	8,319	3,617	43%	4,702	57%	71%
Database Administrators	Computer and Mathematical	1,733	762	44%	971	56%	23%
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,114	490	44%	624	56%	-25%
Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	20,430	9,025	44%	11,405	56%	49%
Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation	Business Operations Specialists	4,980	2,200	44%	2,780	56%	223%
Credit Counselors and Loan Officers	Financial Specialists	3,672	1,625	44%	2,047	56%	52%
Accountants and Auditors	Financial Specialists	61,853	27,430	44%	34,423	56%	23%
Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers	Protective Service	44,354	19,864	45%	24,490	55%	38%
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	Production	2,398	1,076	45%	1,322	55%	2%
Physician Assistants	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,623	1,633	45%	1,990	55%	126%
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,538	1,598	45%	1,940	55%	125%
Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,389	2,435	45%	2,954	55%	-21%
Physicians and Surgeons	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	27,786	12,597	45%	15,189	55%	9%
Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	Personal Care and Service	2,188	1,011	46%	1,177	54%	64%
Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,942	2,747	46%	3,195	54%	-35%
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	25,054	11,616	46%	13,438	54%	-20%
Clergy	Community and Social Services	5,783	2,699	47%	3,084	53%	47%
Lodging Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,399	1,122	47%	1,277	53%	45%
Bus Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	19,229	9,050	47%	10,179	53%	52%
Tour and Travel Guides	Personal Care and Service	1,975	936	47%	1,039	53%	99%
Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,638	1,727	47%	1,911	53%	9%
Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software	Computer and Mathematical	10,273	4,909	48%	5,364	52%	12%
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Sales and Related	47,413	22,691	48%	24,722	52%	-1%
Construction and Building Inspectors	Construction and Extraction	1,546	740	48%	806	52%	73%
Physical Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,044	1,976	49%	2,068	51%	51%
Baggage Porters, Bellhops, and Concierges	Personal Care and Service	13,567	6,657	49%	6,910	51%	130%
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	Production	6,281	3,086	49%	3,195	51%	-54%
Bookbinders and Bindery Workers	Production	3,681	1,810	49%	1,871	51%	-30%
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioner Support Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	5,739	2,840	49%	2,899	51%	111%
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	Personal Care and Service	4,078	2,027	50%	2,051	50%	70%
Stock Clerks and Order Fillers	Office and Administrative Support	24,408	12,161	50%	12,247	50%	35%
Other Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,167	582	50%	585	50%	160%
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,650	1,328	50%	1,322	50%	1%
Computer Programmers	Computer and Mathematical	12,517	6,284	50%	6,233	50%	-45%
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	Personal Care and Service	1,138	576	51%	562	49%	50%
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,948	991	51%	957	49%	156%
Tellers	Office and Administrative Support	8,833	4,502	51%	4,331	49%	44%
Physical Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,917	1,497	51%	1,420	49%	2%
Medical Assistants and Other Healthcare Support Occupations, except dental assistants	Healthcare Support	14,933	7,738	52%	7,195	48%	67%
Couriers and Messengers	Office and Administrative Support	9,304	4,846	52%	4,458	48%	17%
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	4,323	2,268	52%	2,055	48%	7%
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,041	1,598	53%	1,443	47%	38%
Biological Scientists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,207	635	53%	572	47%	7%
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	21,599	11,420	53%	10,179	47%	43%
Dental Assistants	Healthcare Support	4,722	2,508	53%	2,214	47%	33%
Mechanical Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,289	686	53%	603	47%	-17%
Electrical and Electronics Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	2,148	1,145	53%	1,003	47%	2%
Food Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,670	8,967	54%	7,703	46%	21%
Electricians	Construction and Extraction	14,035	7,560	54%	6,475	46%	47%
Constructions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	11,115	5,991	54%	5,124	46%	50%
Travel Agents	Sales and Related	2,652	1,431	54%	1,221	46%	-46%
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,933	4,328	55%	3,605	45%	6%
Dieticians and Nutritionists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,270	1,239	55%	1,031	45%	-4%
Dentists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,218	1,768	55%	1,450	45%	59%
Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	2,315	1,285	56%	1,030	44%	-12%
Cashiers	Sales and Related	63,803	35,689	56%	28,114	44%	33%
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	2,713	1,519	56%	1,194	44%	118%
Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Construction and Extraction	9,457	5,334	56%	4,123	44%	58%
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	Construction and Extraction	8,639	4,909	57%	3,730	43%	-1%
Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	7,335	4,169	57%	3,166	43%	9%
Tax Preparers	Financial Specialists	1,601	913	57%	688	43%	30%
Transportation Inspectors	Transportation and Material Moving	1,530	875	57%	655	43%	66%
Credit Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,116	641	57%	475	43%	176%
Other Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Including Wind Turbine Service Technicians, and Commercial Divers, and Signal and Track Switch Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,303	1,898	57%	1,405	43%	-17%
Registered Nurses	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	45,836	26,423	58%	19,413	42%	13%
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	5,186	3,006	58%	2,180	42%	48%
Pharmacists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,142	2,463	59%	1,679	41%	8%
Civil Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	4,490	2,673	60%	1,817	40%	29%
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	6,046	3,609	60%	2,437	40%	-18%
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	Production	4,453	2,661	60%	1,792	40%	-46%
Counter and Rental Clerks	Sales and Related	2,691	1,620	60%	1,071	40%	67%
Waiters and Waitresses	Food Preparation and Serving	42,746	25,976	61%	16,770	39%	43%
Miscellaneous Media and Communication Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,445	2,106	61%	1,339	39%	17%
Miscellaneous Health Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,155	1,337	62%	818	38%	55%
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,336	830	62%	506	38%	-31%
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	Food Preparation and Serving	4,619	2,920	63%	1,699	37%	78%
Computer Hardware Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,317	836	63%	481	37%	31%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	50,106	64%	28,252	36%	47%
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	Construction and Extraction	1,242	798	64%	444	36%	-15%
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	9,415	6,059	64%	3,356	36%	7%
Counter Attendant, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	4,520	2,923	65%	1,597	35%	126%
Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides	Healthcare Support	1,059	692	65%	367	35%	132%
Childcare Workers	Personal Care and Service	43,775	28,684	66%	15,091	34%	51%
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	10,406	6,833	66%	3,573	34%	-26%
Production Workers, All Other	Production	9,613	6,327	66%	3,286	34%	-49%
Helpers, Construction Trades	Construction and Extraction	1,548	1,022	66%	526	34%	74%
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	Production	2,872	1,907	66%	965	34%	-4%
Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	28,352	66%	14,329	34%	19%
Painting Workers	Production	1,277	849	66%	428	34%	3%
Industrial and Refractory Machinery Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,692	1,148	68%	544	32%	-44%
Carpenters	Construction and Extraction	21,057	14,348	68%	6,709	32%	38%
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	Transportation and Material Moving	5,103	3,510	69%	1,593	31%	35%
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	Personal Care and Service	16,645	11,537	69%	5,108	31%	55%
Barbers	Personal Care and Service	3,027	2,105	70%	922	30%	4%
Medical Scientists, and Life Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	4,026	2,817	70%	1,209	30%	46%
Medical, Dental, and Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	Production	1,549	1,103	71%	446	29%	-21%
Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,143	815	71%	328	29%	-17%
Personal Care Aides	Personal Care and Service	22,246	15,973	72%	6,273	28%	279%
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Workers	Production	3,566	2,567	72%	999	28%	6%
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,129	1,534	72%	595	28%	28%
Plasterers and Stucco Masons	Construction and Extraction	1,634	1,181	72%	453	28%	138%
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	1,207	873	72%	334	28%	-25%
Carpet, Floor, and Tile Installers and Finishers	Construction and Extraction	1,791	1,306	73%	485	27%	-19%
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	Food Preparation and Serving	4,795	3,531	74%	1,264	26%	66%
Packers and Packagers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	6,581	4,850	74%	1,731	26%	8%
Machinists	Production	1,427	1,080	76%	347	24%	4%
Food Preparation Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	20,382	15,496	76%	4,886	24%	117%
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Healthcare Support	107,741	82,233	76%	25,508	24%	47%
Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators	Production	4,613	3,554	77%	1,059	23%	7%
Helpers--Production Workers	Production	1,919	1,479	77%	440	23%	7%
Construction Laborers	Construction and Extraction	47,355	36,556	77%	10,799	23%	109%
Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers	Production	3,885	3,002	77%	883	23%	57%
Parking Lot Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	4,931	3,835	78%	1,096	22%	46%
Chefs and Head Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	19,331	15,064	78%	4,267	22%	60%
Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	Sales and Related	5,386	4,228	78%	1,158	22%	62%
Miscellaneous food preparation and serving related workers including dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	Food Preparation and Serving	10,059	7,956	79%	2,103	21%	94%
Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	36,068	28,737	80%	7,331	20%	31%
Bakers	Production	4,540	3,635	80%	905	20%	10%
Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	Production	4,592	3,780	82%	812	18%	-16%
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	Construction and Extraction	13,111	10,803	82%	2,308	18%	52%
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	Production	4,837	4,026	83%	811	17%	8%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	39,994	83%	8,016	17%	49%
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Sewers	Production	4,448	3,776	85%	672	15%	-32%
Brickmasons, Blockmasons, and Stonemasons	Construction and Extraction	3,383	2,894	86%	489	14%	85%
Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers	Personal Care and Service	10,154	8,766	86%	1,388	14%	94%
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	37,509	88%	5,279	12%	36%
Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers	Construction and Extraction	1,990	1,808	91%	182	9%	201%
Dishwashers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,304	6,700	92%	604	8%	105%
Sewing Machine Operators	Production	10,652	9,935	93%	717	7%	-60%
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	Production	1,602	1,541	96%	61	4%	-46%

Top Occupations by Share of LEP

Half of all workers in the city who speak English less than very well are concentrated in the top nineteen occupations on this list. These are disproportionately lower-income occupations. By far the largest concentrations of LEP workers are in manufacturing, food service, and construction occupations.

Occupation	Occupational Category	# Workers	LEP Workers	% LEP
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Healthcare Support	107,741	41,312	38%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	35,390	45%
Construction Laborers	Construction and Extraction	47,355	28,927	61%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	28,706	60%
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	24,267	57%
Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	36,068	22,633	63%
Cashiers	Sales and Related	63,803	22,468	35%
Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	19,745	46%
Waiters and Waitresses	Food Preparation and Serving	42,746	16,369	38%
Retail Salespersons	Sales and Related	76,836	15,900	21%
Childcare Workers	Personal Care and Service	43,775	14,356	33%
Food Preparation Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	20,382	13,165	65%
Chefs and Head Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	19,331	11,759	61%
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Sales and Related	47,413	11,033	23%
Sewing Machine Operators	Production	10,652	9,201	86%
Personal Care Aides	Personal Care and Service	22,246	9,186	41%
Stock Clerks and Order Fillers	Office and Administrative Support	24,408	8,884	36%
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	Construction and Extraction	13,111	8,266	63%
Carpenters	Construction and Extraction	21,057	8,079	38%
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Office and Administrative Support	91,948	8,012	9%
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	21,599	7,960	37%
Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers	Personal Care and Service	10,154	7,066	70%
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	Personal Care and Service	16,645	7,003	42%
Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers (2005-2009 definition)	Protective Service	44,354	6,757	15%
Accountants and Auditors	Financial Specialists	61,853	6,688	11%
Miscellaneous food preparation and serving related workers including dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	Food Preparation and Serving	10,059	6,254	62%
Miscellaneous Managers, Including Funeral Directors, Funeral Service Managers and Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	61,379	6,082	10%
Dishwashers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,304	5,856	80%
Registered Nurses (2005-2009 definition)	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	45,836	5,273	12%
Teacher Assistants	Education, Training, and Library	28,360	4,955	17%
Customer Service Representatives	Office and Administrative Support	36,165	4,949	14%
Designers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	40,513	4,836	12%
Production Workers, All Other (2000-2004 definition)	Production	9,613	4,817	50%
Office Clerks, General	Office and Administrative Support	39,126	4,750	12%
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing	Sales and Related	21,827	4,591	21%
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	25,054	4,568	18%
Bus Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	19,229	4,394	23%
Food Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,670	4,248	25%
Packers and Packagers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	6,581	4,070	62%
Receptionists and Information Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	27,120	4,001	15%
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	10,406	3,915	38%
Electricians (2005-2009 definition)	Construction and Extraction	14,035	3,885	28%
Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Construction and Extraction	9,457	3,508	37%
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	Production	4,837	3,466	72%
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales	Sales and Related	21,939	3,429	16%
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	Office and Administrative Support	32,097	3,410	11%
Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	Sales and Related	5,386	3,308	61%
Elementary and Middle School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	59,891	3,273	5%
Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	Production	4,592	3,078	67%
Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators	Production	4,613	2,909	63%
Parking Lot Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	4,931	2,900	59%
Constructions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	11,115	2,876	26%
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Sewers	Production	4,448	2,871	65%
Medical Assistants and Other Healthcare Support Occupations, except dental assistants (2005-2009 definition)	Healthcare Support	14,933	2,864	19%
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	Transportation and Material Moving	5,103	2,840	56%
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	15,724	2,837	18%
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	Food Preparation and Serving	4,795	2,763	58%
Baggage Porters, Bellhops, and Concierges	Personal Care and Service	13,567	2,761	20%
Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers	Production	3,885	2,495	64%
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	Construction and Extraction	8,639	2,456	28%
Bakers	Production	4,540	2,425	53%
Couriers and Messengers	Office and Administrative Support	9,304	2,410	26%
Counter Attendant, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	4,520	2,369	52%
Other Teachers and Instructors	Education, Training, and Library	21,582	2,297	11%
Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents	Sales and Related	19,700	2,230	11%
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	6,046	2,228	37%
Financial Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	32,655	2,216	7%
Computer Programmers	Computer and Mathematical	12,517	2,192	18%
Brickmasons, Blockmasons, and Stonemasons	Construction and Extraction	3,383	2,144	63%
Grounds Maintenance Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	7,197	2,114	29%
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,933	1,992	25%
Social Workers	Community and Social Services	26,666	1,976	7%
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	Production	6,281	1,937	31%
Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts (2005-2009 definition)	Computer and Mathematical	20,430	1,885	9%
Physicians and Surgeons	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	27,786	1,711	6%
Postsecondary Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	30,316	1,695	6%
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	Production	2,872	1,694	59%
File Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	8,105	1,626	20%
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	Production	4,453	1,592	36%
Bartenders	Food Preparation and Serving	10,658	1,567	15%
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	5,186	1,553	30%
Data Entry Keyers	Office and Administrative Support	11,125	1,537	14%
General and Operations Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,011	1,493	9%
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	Production	1,602	1,486	93%
Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists (2005-2009 definition)	Business Operations Specialists	17,906	1,471	8%
Barbers	Personal Care and Service	3,027	1,460	48%
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Workers	Production	3,566	1,433	40%
Postal Service Mail Carriers	Office and Administrative Support	6,679	1,394	21%
Billing and Posting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	9,915	1,380	14%
Miscellaneous office and administrative support workers including desktop publishers	Office and Administrative Support	16,480	1,374	8%
Chief executives and legislators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	23,843	1,366	6%
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers (2005-2009 definition)	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	4,323	1,345	31%
Tellers	Office and Administrative Support	8,833	1,341	15%
Dental Assistants	Healthcare Support	4,722	1,306	28%
Word Processors and Typists	Office and Administrative Support	7,714	1,285	17%
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	Personal Care and Service	4,078	1,280	31%
Counselors	Community and Social Services	16,647	1,267	8%
Counter and Rental Clerks	Sales and Related	2,691	1,257	47%
Clergy	Community and Social Services	5,783	1,234	21%
Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,942	1,222	21%
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	9,415	1,217	13%
Bookbinders and Bindery Workers (2005-2009 definition)	Production	3,681	1,213	33%
Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers	Construction and Extraction	1,990	1,207	61%
Artists and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	12,284	1,194	10%
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	Food Preparation and Serving	4,619	1,178	26%
Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	7,335	1,172	16%
Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	8,230	1,133	14%
Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software	Computer and Mathematical	10,273	1,116	11%
Other Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Including Wind Turbine Service Technicians, and Commercial Divers, and Signal and Track Switch Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,303	1,103	33%
Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	9,242	1,102	12%
Photographers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,187	1,094	13%
Helpers--Production Workers	Production	1,919	1,062	55%
Postal Service Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	4,489	1,053	23%
Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	Legal	52,197	1,051	2%
Police Officers	Protective Service	16,057	1,035	6%
Other Business Operations Specialists (2005-2009 definition)	Business Operations Specialists	9,969	1,013	10%
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,129	993	47%
Computer Support Specialists (2005-2009 definition)	Computer and Mathematical	8,271	979	12%
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Sales and Related	28,172	976	3%
Sales Representatives, Services, All Other	Sales and Related	10,875	967	9%
Insurance Sales Agents	Sales and Related	6,321	926	15%
Marketing and Sales Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	20,381	912	4%
Medical and Health Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	13,451	899	7%
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	Transportation and Material Moving	4,486	887	20%
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioner Support Technicians (2005-2009 definition)	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	5,739	875	15%
Carpet, Floor, and Tile Installers and Finishers	Construction and Extraction	1,791	855	48%
Pharmacists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,142	854	21%
Secondary School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	15,012	853	6%
Education Administrators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	19,274	841	4%
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	5,782	838	14%
Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	16,132	825	5%
Paralegals and Legal Assistants (2005-2009 definition)	Legal	14,808	823	6%
Medical Scientists, and Life Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	4,026	811	20%
Industrial and Refractory Machinery Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,692	807	48%
Medical, Dental, and Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	Production	1,549	797	51%
Civil Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	4,490	795	18%
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	6,442	795	12%
Miscellaneous Community and Social Service Specialists (2005-2009 definition)	Community and Social Services	8,333	781	9%
Management Analysts	Business Operations Specialists	18,818	775	4%
Plasterers and Stucco Masons	Construction and Extraction	1,634	755	46%
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,948	737	38%
Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,389	713	13%
Dispatchers	Office and Administrative Support	5,952	710	12%
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	Office and Administrative Support	2,426	707	29%
Helpers, Construction Trades	Construction and Extraction	1,548	706	46%
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,650	703	27%
Computer and Information Systems Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	8,319	693	8%
Painting Workers	Production	1,277	692	54%
Correspondent clerks and order clerks	Office and Administrative Support	2,519	682	27%
Architects, Except Naval	Architecture and Engineering	10,711	679	6%
Writers and Authors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,821	676	5%
Roofers (2005-2009 definition)	Construction and Extraction	1,586	647	41%
Recreation and Fitness Workers	Personal Care and Service	8,985	637	7%
Personal Financial Advisors	Financial Specialists	13,717	627	5%
Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	2,315	608	26%
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	Construction and Extraction	1,242	599	48%
Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,638	598	16%
Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers except upholsterers	Production	1,411	592	42%
Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	Office and Administrative Support	3,764	589	16%
Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	3,571	585	16%
Miscellaneous Health Technologists and Technicians (2005-2009 definition)	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,155	574	27%
Social and Community Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	12,030	574	5%
Supervisors of Transportation and Material Moving Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	5,190	572	11%
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	2,713	564	21%
Advertising Sales Agents	Sales and Related	9,627	562	6%
Miscellaneous metal workers and plastic workers including milling and planing machine setters, and multiple machine tool setters, and lay-out workers	Production	1,320	561	43%
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,336	561	42%
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	1,207	553	46%
Human Resources Managers (2005-2009 definition)	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	6,909	547	8%
Physical Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,044	541	13%
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts (2005-2009 definition)	Computer and Mathematical	8,924	537	6%
Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,143	534	47%
Host and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	3,223	527	16%
Sales and Related Workers, All Other (2005-2009 definition)	Sales and Related	6,164	517	8%
Lifeguards and Other Protective Service Workers (2005-2009 definition)	Protective Service	2,562	511	20%
Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	Personal Care and Service	2,188	502	23%
Massage Therapists	Healthcare Support	1,882	500	27%
Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,289	492	15%
Computer Operators	Office and Administrative Support	3,242	491	15%
Transportation Attendants	Personal Care and Service	4,183	482	12%
Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides	Healthcare Support	1,059	478	45%
Network and Computer Systems Administrators (2005-2009 definition)	Computer and Mathematical	4,108	478	12%
Crossing Guards	Protective Service	2,549	472	19%
News Analysts, Reporters and Correspondents	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	6,538	453	7%
Bailiffs, Correctional Officers, and Jailers	Protective Service	6,820	443	6%
Travel Agents	Sales and Related	2,652	441	17%
Physical Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,917	440	15%
Physician Assistants	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,623	440	12%
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,538	436	12%
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,561	436	8%
Dentists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,218	434	13%
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,413	432	13%
Machinists	Production	1,427	424	30%
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,041	423	14%
Miscellaneous material moving workers including shuttle car operators, and tank car, truck, and ship loaders	Transportation and Material Moving	1,507	421	28%
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,918	413	14%
Database Administrators	Computer and Mathematical	1,733	405	23%
Transportation Inspectors	Transportation and Material Moving	1,530	396	26%
Lodging Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,399	385	16%
Athletes, Coaches, Umpires, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,631	382	15%
Producers and Directors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,748	382	3%
Electrical and Electronics Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	2,148	379	18%
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	Production	2,398	378	16%
Miscellaneous Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers	Personal Care and Service	2,287	371	16%
Miscellaneous Media and Communication Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,445	358	10%
Miscellaneous engineeers including nuclear engineers	Architecture and Engineering	2,876	344	12%
Religious Workers, All Other	Community and Social Services	2,006	338	17%
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	Personal Care and Service	1,138	333	29%
Construction equipment operators except paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	Construction and Extraction	1,084	316	29%
Credit Counselors and Loan Officers	Financial Specialists	3,672	316	9%
Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators	Business Operations Specialists	3,502	314	9%
Tour and Travel Guides	Personal Care and Service	1,975	310	16%
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	Community and Social Services	1,083	304	28%
Psychologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	7,803	301	4%
Bill and Account Collectors	Office and Administrative Support	1,791	294	16%
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,517	287	8%
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	Business Operations Specialists	4,486	286	6%
Financial Analysts	Financial Specialists	7,889	284	4%
Computer Hardware Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,317	278	21%
Information and Record Clerks, All Other	Office and Administrative Support	1,874	270	14%
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,640	266	7%
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	Office and Administrative Support	1,597	261	16%
Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	Office and Administrative Support	3,846	258	7%
Industrial Production Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,911	255	13%
Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation (2005-2009 definition)	Business Operations Specialists	4,980	252	5%
Mechanical Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,289	236	18%
Library Assistants, Clerical	Office and Administrative Support	2,022	234	12%
Construction and Building Inspectors	Construction and Extraction	1,546	230	15%
Supervisors, Protective Service Workers, All Other	Protective Service	2,556	223	9%
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	Financial Specialists	1,194	221	19%
Tax Preparers	Financial Specialists	1,601	221	14%
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	Protective Service	3,695	208	6%
Actors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,778	207	5%
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	3,071	202	7%
Structural Iron and Steel Workers	Construction and Extraction	1,028	198	19%
Biological Scientists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,207	196	16%
Miscellaneous Legal Support Workers (2005-2009 definition)	Legal	5,906	188	3%
Dental Hygienists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,500	183	12%
Market and Survey Researchers	Life, Physical, and Social Science	3,841	180	5%
Television, Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,753	178	6%
Financial Specialists, All Other	Financial Specialists	2,911	177	6%
Other Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians (2005-2009 definition)	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,285	175	8%
Elevator Installers and Repairers	Construction and Extraction	1,751	174	10%
Administrative Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,636	172	7%
Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	Office and Administrative Support	1,302	169	13%
Special Education Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	5,267	168	3%
Librarians	Education, Training, and Library	4,124	166	4%
Dieticians and Nutritionists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,270	164	7%
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	Production	1,515	152	10%
Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,775	152	9%
Firefighters	Protective Service	5,485	151	3%
Public Relations Specialists (2005-2009 definition)	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,971	151	2%
Advertising and Promotions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	4,641	143	3%
Meeting and Convention Planners (2005-2009 definition)	Business Operations Specialists	2,660	140	5%
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,114	136	12%
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	Office and Administrative Support	1,683	135	8%
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,439	133	9%
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	Personal Care and Service	1,527	133	9%
Other Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,167	131	11%
Locomotive Engineers and Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,520	127	8%
Announcers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,325	119	9%
Telephone Operators	Office and Administrative Support	1,487	115	8%
Operations Research Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	1,654	107	6%
Budget Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,450	106	7%
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,261	105	8%
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,996	104	5%
Telemarketers	Sales and Related	1,522	103	7%
Models, Demonstrators, and Product Promoters	Sales and Related	1,607	101	6%
Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians and Radio Operators, and media and communication equipment workers, all other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,590	96	3%
Private Detectives and Investigators	Protective Service	2,113	94	4%
Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,925	93	5%
Other Education, Training, and Library Workers	Education, Training, and Library	2,117	93	4%
Occupational Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,202	89	4%
Insurance Underwriters	Financial Specialists	1,771	88	5%
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	Protective Service	2,740	88	3%
Miscellaneous Social Scientists, Including Survey Researchers and Sociologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,545	74	5%
Actuaries	Computer and Mathematical	1,279	72	6%
Subway, Streetcar, and Other Rail Transportation Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	1,110	71	6%
Therapists, All Other (2005-2009 definition)	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,934	70	2%
Purchasing Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,409	60	2%
Loan Interviewers and Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,036	56	5%
Speech Language Pathologists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,971	53	2%
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	Financial Specialists	1,500	46	3%
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	Transportation and Material Moving	1,371	41	3%
Archivists, Curators, and Museum Technicians	Education, Training, and Library	2,495	19	1%
Credit Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,116	16	1%

Top 10 Occupations in Each Borough by Number of Foreign-Born Workers

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides are the single largest occupation for immigrants living in each of the five boroughs. More than half of all immigrant aides in the city live in Brooklyn, with another quarter living in Queens. Unsurprisingly, immigrants working in higher-paid occupations—such as physicians and surgeons, securities agents, and lawyers—tend to live in Manhattan.

Occupation	Borough	Occupational Category	Workers in NYC	Workers Living in Boro	FB Workers Living in Boro	% FB NYC	% FB Boro
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Bronx	Healthcare Support	107,741	11,392	8,344	76%	73%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Bronx	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	11,250	6,804	64%	60%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Bronx	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	7,609	6,287	83%	83%
Cooks	Bronx	Food Preparation and Serving	36,068	4,703	3,803	80%	81%
Construction Laborers	Bronx	Construction and Extraction	47,355	4,787	3,726	77%	78%
Retail Salespersons	Bronx	Sales and Related	76,836	7,336	3,305	43%	45%
Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Bronx	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	4,643	3,227	66%	70%
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Bronx	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	3,962	3,154	88%	80%
Cashiers	Bronx	Sales and Related	63,803	6,792	2,970	56%	44%
Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers	Bronx	Protective Service	44,354	7,036	2,665	45%	38%
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Brooklyn	Healthcare Support	107,741	55,325	43,578	76%	79%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Brooklyn	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	26,471	15,290	64%	58%
Construction Laborers	Brooklyn	Construction and Extraction	47,355	18,191	14,643	77%	80%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Brooklyn	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	15,026	12,392	83%	82%
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Brooklyn	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	13,650	12,111	88%	89%
Retail Salespersons	Brooklyn	Sales and Related	76,836	26,662	11,184	43%	42%
Childcare Workers	Brooklyn	Personal Care and Service	43,775	17,268	11,132	66%	64%
Cashiers	Brooklyn	Sales and Related	63,803	20,556	11,058	56%	54%
Registered Nurses	Brooklyn	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	45,836	16,196	10,370	58%	64%
Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Brooklyn	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	14,569	9,822	66%	67%
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Manhattan	Healthcare Support	107,741	11,008	7,572	76%	69%
Miscellaneous Managers, Including Funeral Directors, Funeral Service Managers and Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Manhattan	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	61,379	24,339	6,766	34%	28%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Manhattan	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	10,958	6,755	64%	62%
Accountants and Auditors	Manhattan	Financial Specialists	61,853	20,353	5,925	44%	29%
Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	Manhattan	Legal	52,197	32,178	5,106	16%	16%
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Manhattan	Sales and Related	28,172	19,999	4,958	28%	25%
Physicians and Surgeons	Manhattan	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	27,786	14,622	4,829	45%	33%
Postsecondary Teachers	Manhattan	Education, Training, and Library	30,316	15,383	4,631	32%	30%
Designers	Manhattan	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	40,513	17,246	4,622	34%	27%
Waiters and Waitresses	Manhattan	Food Preparation and Serving	42,746	10,054	4,618	61%	46%
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Queens	Healthcare Support	107,741	25,237	20,011	76%	79%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Queens	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	25,740	19,111	64%	74%
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Queens	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	18,902	17,021	88%	90%
Cashiers	Queens	Sales and Related	63,803	23,296	16,354	56%	70%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Queens	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	17,434	15,603	83%	89%
Construction Laborers	Queens	Construction and Extraction	47,355	17,754	14,214	77%	80%
Retail Salespersons	Queens	Sales and Related	76,836	22,643	12,370	43%	55%
Waiters and Waitresses	Queens	Food Preparation and Serving	42,746	15,734	11,722	61%	75%
Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Queens	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	16,260	11,253	66%	69%
Childcare Workers	Queens	Personal Care and Service	43,775	14,824	11,059	66%	75%
Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Staten Island	Healthcare Support	107,741	4,779	2,728	76%	57%
Janitors and Building Cleaners	Staten Island	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	3,939	2,146	64%	54%
Construction Laborers	Staten Island	Construction and Extraction	47,355	3,148	1,819	77%	58%
Registered Nurses	Staten Island	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	45,836	4,736	1,725	58%	36%
Accountants and Auditors	Staten Island	Financial Specialists	61,853	3,779	1,283	44%	34%
Retail Salespersons	Staten Island	Sales and Related	76,836	4,446	1,224	43%	28%
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Staten Island	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	2,069	1,146	83%	55%
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Staten Island	Office and Administrative Support	91,948	7,919	1,126	28%	14%
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Staten Island	Sales and Related	47,413	3,349	1,123	48%	34%
Cashiers	Staten Island	Sales and Related	63,803	4,104	1,057	56%	26%

Occupations with the Largest Education Gaps Between Native- and Foreign-Born Workers

The profiles of workers within each occupation can vary widely. This analysis finds stark discrepancies in the average educational achievement levels of native- versus foreign-born workers within several occupations. Topping the list are sewing machine operators. Ninety-three percent of all sewing machine operators in the city are foreign-born, and the average immigrant sewing machine operator has less than a high school degree. More than two-thirds of foreign-born sewing machine operators did not complete high school, and another 25 percent only have a high school diploma. In contrast, 22 percent of native-born workers in this profession have at least a bachelor’s degree, perhaps suggesting that foreign-born and native-born sewing machine operators are unlikely to be working for the same kinds of employers or earning the same wages.

Disparity Rank	Occupation	Occupational Category	Workers	% FB	NB <HS%	FB <HS%	NB HS%	FB HS%	NB Coll<1 yr.%	FB Coll<1yr%	NB Coll>1yr%	FB Coll>1yr%	NB Assoc%	FB Assoc%	NB BA+%	FB BA+%
1	Sewing Machine Operators	Production	10,652	93%	19%	67%	44%	25%	0%	1%	11%	3%	4%	1%	22%	2%
2	Tailors, Dressmakers, and Sewers	Production	4,448	85%	4%	50%	16%	26%	4%	1%	38%	6%	2%	7%	36%	10%
3	Plasterers and Stucco Masons	Construction and Extraction	1,634	72%	8%	43%	0%	34%	9%	6%	57%	10%	0%	5%	26%	3%
4	Painting Workers	Production	1,277	66%	0%	35%	56%	56%	1%	0%	15%	9%	0%	0%	27%	0%
5	Chefs and Head Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	19,331	78%	9%	47%	35%	34%	4%	1%	16%	5%	10%	5%	26%	8%
6	Dishwashers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,304	92%	27%	68%	24%	25%	17%	0%	25%	3%	0%	1%	6%	2%
7	Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other	Personal Care and Service	2,188	46%	3%	31%	28%	15%	4%	9%	10%	28%	11%	4%	45%	13%
8	Production Workers, All Other	Production	9,613	66%	20%	52%	37%	29%	4%	2%	8%	8%	6%	4%	24%	5%
9	Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	Transportation and Material Moving	4,486	22%	9%	57%	47%	22%	5%	3%	22%	6%	13%	6%	4%	7%
10	Helpers, Construction Trades	Construction and Extraction	1,548	66%	32%	51%	22%	40%	4%	0%	23%	0%	10%	5%	9%	3%
11	Bookbinders and Bindery Workers	Production	3,681	49%	18%	42%	27%	29%	6%	0%	13%	4%	15%	13%	21%	12%
12	Bartenders	Food Preparation and Serving	10,658	34%	3%	16%	12%	36%	2%	3%	23%	15%	13%	12%	47%	19%
13	Sales and Related Workers, All Other	Sales and Related	6,164	20%	1%	19%	9%	19%	5%	7%	9%	8%	2%	6%	74%	41%
14	Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers except upholsterers	Production	1,411	66%	4%	26%	22%	34%	4%	7%	24%	11%	11%	11%	36%	10%
15	Food Preparation Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	20,382	76%	31%	54%	22%	31%	10%	1%	18%	6%	5%	3%	14%	6%
16	Miscellaneous Personal Appearance Workers	Personal Care and Service	10,154	86%	16%	37%	29%	38%	1%	2%	19%	5%	7%	4%	28%	14%
17	Waiters and Waitresses	Food Preparation and Serving	42,746	61%	8%	26%	13%	34%	6%	4%	27%	14%	6%	7%	40%	15%
18	Correspondent clerks and order clerks	Office and Administrative Support	2,519	45%	7%	20%	34%	42%	2%	8%	17%	16%	6%	5%	34%	9%
19	Private Detectives and Investigators	Protective Service	2,113	17%	0%	10%	12%	38%	3%	0%	19%	6%	5%	12%	61%	34%
20	Insurance Underwriters	Financial Specialists	1,771	30%	1%	6%	10%	27%	6%	8%	4%	15%	8%	10%	72%	33%
21	Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	Transportation and Material Moving	5,103	69%	28%	54%	53%	35%	1%	1%	10%	2%	5%	3%	4%	4%
22	Construction Laborers	Construction and Extraction	47,355	77%	19%	48%	43%	35%	5%	2%	17%	5%	6%	4%	10%	6%
23	Miscellaneous Assemblers and Fabricators	Production	4,613	77%	27%	46%	34%	36%	0%	3%	14%	5%	5%	0%	20%	9%
24	Cooks	Food Preparation and Serving	36,068	80%	22%	49%	41%	35%	8%	1%	15%	6%	6%	2%	8%	7%
25	Television, Video, and Motion Picture Camera Operators and Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,753	13%	4%	16%	4%	3%	1%	9%	14%	35%	3%	0%	74%	37%
26	Bakers	Production	4,540	80%	25%	40%	28%	41%	0%	1%	19%	4%	8%	5%	20%	9%
27	Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	Sales and Related	5,386	78%	25%	44%	28%	23%	6%	3%	19%	13%	6%	5%	16%	13%
28	Counter and Rental Clerks	Sales and Related	2,691	60%	14%	26%	44%	33%	3%	10%	15%	17%	7%	2%	16%	12%
29	Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,650	50%	14%	16%	27%	44%	4%	4%	13%	13%	5%	7%	37%	17%
30	Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,143	71%	0%	12%	2%	37%	6%	5%	38%	4%	8%	10%	46%	32%
31	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing	Sales and Related	21,827	39%	5%	15%	13%	30%	3%	4%	15%	11%	5%	4%	58%	35%
32	Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	Production	2,872	66%	28%	54%	30%	24%	17%	0%	15%	8%	0%	2%	10%	11%
33	Butchers and Other Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing Workers	Production	3,885	77%	23%	53%	59%	28%	2%	2%	5%	6%	8%	4%	3%	8%
34	Massage Therapists	Healthcare Support	1,882	38%	0%	0%	2%	26%	6%	5%	14%	16%	19%	30%	60%	24%
35	Automotive Body and Related Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,129	72%	29%	52%	58%	37%	3%	2%	2%	3%	9%	0%	0%	5%
36	Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Workers	Production	3,566	72%	13%	43%	56%	43%	14%	1%	17%	10%	1%	2%	0%	2%
37	Grounds Maintenance Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	7,197	42%	29%	52%	41%	38%	8%	1%	10%	6%	6%	0%	7%	3%
38	Miscellaneous Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers	Personal Care and Service	2,287	26%	6%	26%	19%	24%	5%	0%	19%	16%	21%	10%	29%	24%
39	Counter Attendant, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	4,520	65%	28%	49%	36%	30%	5%	3%	16%	7%	9%	5%	6%	6%
40	Host and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	Food Preparation and Serving	3,223	30%	3%	14%	22%	21%	8%	4%	22%	37%	4%	9%	41%	17%
41	Helpers--Production Workers	Production	1,919	77%	34%	54%	42%	15%	8%	7%	10%	14%	0%	7%	7%	3%
42	Announcers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,325	37%	0%	0%	6%	34%	9%	8%	17%	10%	2%	20%	67%	29%
43	Models, Demonstrators, and Product Promoters	Sales and Related	1,607	35%	12%	9%	7%	41%	2%	4%	28%	23%	3%	4%	48%	20%
44	Carpenters	Construction and Extraction	21,057	68%	12%	31%	43%	43%	6%	5%	22%	8%	4%	4%	13%	8%
45	Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	21,599	53%	25%	41%	42%	38%	5%	2%	15%	7%	5%	3%	9%	8%
46	Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers	Production	4,592	82%	13%	30%	46%	38%	2%	3%	10%	12%	12%	8%	17%	9%
47	Personal Care Aides	Personal Care and Service	22,246	72%	18%	38%	35%	35%	4%	2%	25%	8%	7%	6%	10%	11%
48	Brickmasons, Blockmasons, and Stonemasons	Construction and Extraction	3,383	86%	19%	43%	60%	34%	5%	1%	9%	12%	7%	7%	0%	3%
49	Industrial Production Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,911	27%	4%	17%	8%	13%	4%	0%	11%	24%	4%	0%	68%	46%
50	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	15,724	41%	8%	12%	20%	33%	4%	5%	16%	12%	4%	3%	47%	35%
51	Painters, Construction and Maintenance	Construction and Extraction	13,111	82%	19%	43%	46%	36%	17%	1%	5%	8%	6%	3%	7%	7%
52	Carpet, Floor, and Tile Installers and Finishers	Construction and Extraction	1,791	73%	37%	45%	27%	27%	3%	0%	7%	12%	0%	7%	26%	8%
53	Religious Workers, All Other	Community and Social Services	2,006	36%	6%	5%	15%	20%	5%	15%	27%	17%	1%	18%	45%	26%
54	Machinists	Production	1,427	76%	7%	20%	13%	44%	16%	1%	28%	17%	29%	1%	7%	17%
55	Constructions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	11,115	54%	5%	16%	21%	25%	4%	2%	13%	9%	3%	7%	54%	40%
56	Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,561	29%	1%	7%	6%	12%	3%	6%	11%	10%	3%	11%	75%	54%
57	Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	Production	4,453	60%	8%	20%	27%	35%	7%	6%	21%	12%	9%	8%	27%	19%
58	Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	1,775	32%	5%	11%	17%	17%	2%	18%	12%	10%	6%	6%	58%	38%
59	Food Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,670	54%	3%	15%	18%	26%	8%	5%	20%	17%	10%	5%	41%	31%
60	Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,336	62%	9%	29%	42%	42%	5%	1%	34%	11%	10%	10%	0%	7%
61	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	Production	6,281	49%	8%	23%	22%	28%	6%	2%	21%	15%	8%	8%	33%	24%
62	First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	Sales and Related	47,413	48%	5%	16%	22%	32%	6%	3%	19%	14%	10%	6%	38%	29%
63	Retail Salespersons	Sales and Related	76,836	43%	8%	20%	25%	34%	7%	4%	26%	16%	9%	8%	26%	18%
64	Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	Food Preparation and Serving	4,795	74%	27%	38%	37%	41%	4%	1%	19%	9%	8%	4%	5%	7%
65	Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	Production	1,602	96%	100%	72%	0%	16%	0%	0%	0%	3%	0%	0%	0%	9%
66	Stock Clerks and Order Fillers	Office and Administrative Support	24,408	50%	18%	34%	41%	35%	7%	3%	18%	11%	7%	6%	9%	11%
67	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	Construction and Extraction	8,639	57%	13%	24%	38%	40%	7%	7%	15%	12%	8%	2%	19%	14%
68	Packers and Packagers, Hand	Transportation and Material Moving	6,581	74%	42%	49%	23%	41%	6%	1%	14%	5%	8%	2%	7%	1%
69	Actors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,778	16%	1%	7%	7%	14%	4%	3%	16%	20%	3%	5%	69%	51%
70	Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists	Business Operations Specialists	17,906	30%	1%	6%	7%	15%	2%	2%	12%	10%	7%	8%	73%	59%
71	Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents	Sales and Related	19,700	36%	0%	8%	12%	18%	4%	2%	15%	16%	6%	6%	63%	49%
72	Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	Personal Care and Service	1,527	20%	26%	6%	17%	61%	1%	0%	23%	18%	3%	6%	30%	9%
73	Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	42,681	66%	23%	37%	45%	36%	6%	3%	13%	12%	7%	5%	6%	8%
74	Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	Personal Care and Service	16,645	69%	5%	26%	48%	39%	7%	1%	19%	16%	9%	7%	11%	11%
75	Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	10,406	66%	18%	35%	56%	43%	4%	3%	13%	7%	6%	7%	5%	4%
76	Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	Construction and Extraction	9,457	56%	10%	40%	57%	29%	6%	4%	18%	15%	6%	5%	4%	7%
77	Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	Personal Care and Service	1,138	51%	13%	22%	34%	38%	0%	0%	29%	17%	10%	0%	14%	23%
78	Miscellaneous Health Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,155	62%	0%	3%	20%	21%	2%	5%	9%	21%	14%	12%	55%	38%
79	Therapists, All Other	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,934	26%	5%	15%	1%	0%	0%	0%	6%	4%	6%	5%	82%	76%
80	Cashiers	Sales and Related	63,803	56%	21%	31%	30%	33%	8%	4%	25%	16%	5%	6%	11%	10%
81	Childcare Workers	Personal Care and Service	43,775	66%	25%	30%	31%	38%	5%	3%	17%	13%	8%	5%	15%	12%
82	Construction equipment operators except paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	Construction and Extraction	1,084	49%	7%	28%	41%	44%	7%	2%	41%	2%	3%	10%	0%	13%
83	First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	Personal Care and Service	4,078	50%	10%	13%	28%	32%	2%	3%	17%	14%	4%	9%	39%	30%
84	Preschool and Kindergarten Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	8,230	32%	2%	2%	6%	17%	2%	4%	13%	16%	7%	10%	70%	52%
85	First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	Food Preparation and Serving	7,933	55%	11%	15%	28%	30%	3%	4%	22%	19%	4%	11%	32%	20%
86	First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales	Sales and Related	21,939	43%	3%	9%	18%	22%	4%	4%	12%	11%	4%	7%	60%	47%
87	Editors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	16,132	17%	0%	1%	2%	6%	1%	1%	4%	14%	1%	4%	92%	74%
88	Photographers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,187	38%	2%	5%	7%	15%	3%	3%	14%	12%	3%	6%	71%	58%
89	Industrial and Refractory Machinery Mechanics	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,692	68%	10%	26%	59%	28%	2%	5%	21%	21%	0%	15%	8%	4%
90	Administrative Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,636	27%	3%	15%	20%	23%	2%	0%	9%	18%	19%	4%	47%	41%
91	Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	48,010	83%	28%	39%	45%	40%	5%	3%	13%	8%	3%	4%	6%	7%
92	Physician Assistants	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,623	45%	2%	0%	1%	6%	1%	3%	3%	4%	8%	19%	85%	67%
93	Dispatchers	Office and Administrative Support	5,952	31%	6%	15%	37%	51%	10%	0%	22%	16%	13%	8%	12%	11%
94	Other Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Including Wind Turbine Service Technicians, and Commercial Divers, and Signal and Track Switch Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,303	57%	12%	28%	47%	30%	3%	0%	13%	12%	7%	8%	17%	22%
95	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	Business Operations Specialists	4,486	16%	2%	0%	9%	0%	4%	0%	7%	0%	2%	0%	77%	100%
96	First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	5,186	58%	10%	25%	55%	42%	8%	5%	12%	9%	7%	12%	8%	7%
97	Miscellaneous food preparation and serving related workers including dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	Food Preparation and Serving	10,059	79%	30%	44%	47%	36%	4%	2%	12%	8%	3%	2%	5%	7%
98	Sales Representatives, Services, All Other	Sales and Related	10,875	27%	1%	11%	11%	11%	7%	5%	14%	20%	9%	4%	57%	49%
99	Tour and Travel Guides	Personal Care and Service	1,975	47%	18%	6%	10%	35%	1%	3%	13%	14%	8%	14%	50%	27%
100	Library Assistants, Clerical	Office and Administrative Support	2,022	29%	3%	10%	25%	12%	7%	11%	29%	39%	10%	2%	26%	25%
101	Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	1,207	72%	8%	28%	67%	49%	0%	2%	0%	2%	16%	1%	8%	18%
102	Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	6,442	29%	1%	2%	14%	10%	2%	5%	11%	14%	6%	5%	67%	63%
103	Advertising Sales Agents	Sales and Related	9,627	16%	1%	1%	6%	18%	2%	3%	6%	7%	2%	2%	84%	70%
104	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,114	44%	6%	18%	38%	8%	10%	0%	5%	31%	11%	35%	29%	9%
105	Chief executives and legislators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	23,843	28%	0%	3%	4%	15%	2%	1%	10%	6%	3%	4%	81%	71%
106	Customer Service Representatives	Office and Administrative Support	36,165	37%	5%	11%	21%	23%	6%	7%	23%	20%	11%	10%	35%	30%
107	Athletes, Coaches, Umpires, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	2,631	33%	6%	8%	8%	16%	11%	3%	24%	24%	0%	6%	51%	43%
108	Insurance Sales Agents	Sales and Related	6,321	36%	4%	7%	15%	20%	1%	1%	15%	15%	5%	10%	59%	47%
109	Artists and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	12,284	29%	1%	5%	2%	5%	1%	2%	9%	10%	3%	4%	83%	74%
110	Miscellaneous Managers, Including Funeral Directors, Funeral Service Managers and Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	61,379	34%	1%	6%	9%	12%	2%	2%	9%	9%	4%	7%	74%	64%
111	Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians and Radio Operators, and media and communication equipment workers, all other	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,590	14%	0%	0%	12%	22%	10%	0%	19%	25%	6%	16%	53%	37%
112	Librarians	Education, Training, and Library	4,124	28%	0%	1%	2%	1%	1%	0%	2%	12%	4%	2%	91%	83%
113	Nursing, Psychiatric, and Home Health Aides	Healthcare Support	107,741	76%	21%	28%	37%	39%	7%	4%	18%	12%	8%	7%	9%	11%
114	Other Business Operations Specialists	Business Operations Specialists	9,969	34%	1%	2%	5%	10%	2%	3%	12%	12%	4%	11%	76%	63%
115	Barbers	Personal Care and Service	3,027	70%	14%	25%	67%	52%	3%	3%	12%	6%	0%	7%	4%	6%
116	Designers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	40,513	34%	1%	4%	5%	9%	2%	2%	10%	8%	6%	10%	77%	67%
117	Education Administrators	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	19,274	24%	2%	1%	4%	8%	2%	2%	6%	7%	4%	10%	83%	72%
118	Couriers and Messengers	Office and Administrative Support	9,304	52%	15%	26%	39%	32%	7%	4%	24%	23%	7%	4%	8%	12%
119	Structural Iron and Steel Workers	Construction and Extraction	1,028	44%	0%	24%	63%	39%	2%	7%	21%	5%	0%	5%	14%	20%
120	Fundraisers	Business Operations Specialists	1,789	8%	0%	0%	3%	0%	0%	14%	8%	13%	1%	0%	88%	73%
121	Supervisors, Protective Service Workers, All Other	Protective Service	2,556	32%	5%	7%	24%	28%	6%	2%	22%	19%	6%	12%	38%	31%
122	Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	Transportation and Material Moving	1,371	26%	4%	18%	41%	34%	7%	4%	30%	0%	13%	29%	6%	15%
123	Baggage Porters, Bellhops, and Concierges	Personal Care and Service	13,567	49%	15%	23%	36%	36%	5%	4%	27%	20%	6%	7%	11%	11%
124	Word Processors and Typists	Office and Administrative Support	7,714	36%	5%	8%	28%	28%	7%	5%	21%	19%	9%	13%	29%	27%
125	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	5,782	43%	1%	2%	17%	21%	4%	1%	32%	29%	12%	20%	35%	27%
126	Elementary and Middle School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	59,891	25%	1%	1%	1%	2%	1%	1%	4%	4%	2%	4%	91%	87%
127	Recreation and Fitness Workers	Personal Care and Service	8,985	23%	5%	1%	14%	28%	6%	5%	25%	21%	5%	10%	45%	35%
128	Roofers	Construction and Extraction	1,586	68%	37%	35%	40%	46%	0%	0%	10%	6%	10%	8%	3%	5%
129	Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	Production	4,837	83%	41%	40%	28%	39%	8%	2%	8%	6%	7%	1%	7%	12%
130	Lifeguards and Other Protective Service Workers	Protective Service	2,562	29%	27%	41%	33%	17%	3%	6%	21%	24%	4%	4%	12%	8%
131	Janitors and Building Cleaners	Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance	78,358	64%	35%	40%	43%	38%	5%	3%	11%	7%	3%	4%	2%	8%
132	Bus Drivers	Transportation and Material Moving	19,229	47%	8%	21%	51%	42%	7%	3%	19%	15%	8%	5%	7%	12%
133	Medical, Dental, and Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	Production	1,549	71%	2%	9%	43%	40%	0%	0%	25%	20%	13%	10%	17%	21%
134	Secondary School Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	15,012	25%	0%	3%	1%	1%	0%	0%	4%	2%	1%	2%	93%	92%
135	Special Education Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	5,267	25%	1%	5%	4%	5%	1%	2%	8%	1%	1%	7%	85%	80%
136	Elevator Installers and Repairers	Construction and Extraction	1,751	31%	7%	25%	59%	27%	5%	4%	13%	18%	10%	14%	6%	12%
137	Firefighters	Protective Service	5,485	8%	0%	0%	12%	21%	5%	12%	32%	21%	15%	11%	36%	35%
138	Credit Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,116	57%	0%	0%	0%	2%	4%	9%	6%	0%	0%	7%	89%	82%
139	Biological Scientists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,207	53%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	3%	8%	0%	2%	97%	90%
140	Miscellaneous metal workers and plastic workers including milling and planing machine setters, and multiple machine tool setters, and lay-out workers	Production	1,320	55%	43%	30%	37%	55%	0%	0%	18%	12%	2%	4%	0%	0%
141	Archivists, Curators, and Museum Technicians	Education, Training, and Library	2,495	23%	0%	5%	3%	4%	1%	0%	1%	0%	2%	0%	92%	90%
142	Social Workers	Community and Social Services	26,666	33%	1%	1%	7%	5%	1%	1%	7%	8%	5%	8%	80%	77%
143	Occupational Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,202	35%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	2%	4%	98%	96%
144	Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers	Protective Service	44,354	45%	12%	19%	42%	40%	8%	4%	22%	17%	7%	8%	10%	12%
145	Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers	Construction and Extraction	1,990	91%	37%	46%	47%	41%	9%	0%	0%	11%	0%	0%	7%	2%
146	Other Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,167	50%	0%	13%	11%	5%	6%	0%	28%	4%	5%	11%	50%	68%
147	News Analysts, Reporters and Correspondents	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	6,538	27%	0%	0%	0%	5%	0%	1%	4%	6%	0%	2%	96%	86%
148	Credit Counselors and Loan Officers	Financial Specialists	3,672	44%	0%	2%	8%	4%	4%	2%	16%	13%	6%	16%	66%	62%
149	Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	Food Preparation and Serving	4,619	63%	24%	29%	29%	42%	15%	5%	17%	10%	7%	2%	8%	12%
150	Dentists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,218	55%	0%	1%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	99%
151	Lodging Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,399	47%	3%	1%	12%	16%	6%	4%	12%	9%	5%	14%	61%	55%
152	Personal Financial Advisors	Financial Specialists	13,717	30%	0%	0%	2%	3%	0%	1%	5%	8%	2%	3%	91%	85%
153	Tellers	Office and Administrative Support	8,833	51%	1%	4%	22%	27%	8%	3%	37%	30%	8%	15%	24%	21%
154	Human Resources Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	6,909	32%	1%	3%	7%	7%	4%	5%	12%	13%	4%	8%	71%	64%
155	Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	Transportation and Material Moving	42,788	88%	18%	24%	38%	35%	9%	4%	16%	11%	7%	6%	13%	20%
156	Computer Operators	Office and Administrative Support	3,242	39%	2%	6%	30%	36%	2%	2%	21%	14%	16%	14%	28%	29%
157	Electricians	Construction and Extraction	14,035	54%	7%	11%	35%	42%	5%	5%	22%	10%	21%	14%	11%	18%
158	General and Operations Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	16,011	32%	2%	5%	9%	9%	4%	2%	13%	8%	4%	9%	69%	67%
159	Budget Analysts	Financial Specialists	1,450	18%	0%	0%	9%	5%	4%	0%	2%	5%	0%	0%	86%	90%
160	Lawyers, and judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers	Legal	52,197	16%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	1%	0%	0%	0%	0%	99%	98%
161	Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,640	32%	1%	0%	15%	18%	9%	7%	45%	44%	21%	27%	9%	4%
162	Physical Therapists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,044	49%	0%	0%	4%	2%	0%	0%	4%	1%	1%	2%	91%	95%
163	Clergy	Community and Social Services	5,783	47%	6%	3%	10%	10%	1%	3%	4%	7%	4%	5%	74%	72%
164	Management Analysts	Business Operations Specialists	18,818	34%	0%	1%	3%	5%	1%	0%	4%	7%	2%	2%	90%	85%
165	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	1,261	33%	7%	6%	43%	40%	10%	5%	13%	27%	7%	7%	21%	15%
166	Crossing Guards	Protective Service	2,549	35%	22%	26%	45%	42%	12%	2%	11%	19%	9%	6%	1%	5%
167	Bill and Account Collectors	Office and Administrative Support	1,791	40%	1%	12%	37%	24%	11%	5%	27%	20%	1%	18%	24%	22%
168	Physicians and Surgeons	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	27,786	45%	0%	1%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	1%	1%	99%	98%
169	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	Community and Social Services	1,083	38%	0%	3%	5%	10%	11%	0%	15%	11%	0%	0%	68%	76%
170	Court, Municipal, and License Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,925	25%	4%	0%	25%	25%	4%	16%	18%	10%	17%	24%	33%	25%
171	Police Officers	Protective Service	16,057	25%	1%	7%	11%	6%	7%	3%	25%	25%	18%	24%	38%	35%
172	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	Office and Administrative Support	91,948	28%	3%	6%	29%	27%	7%	6%	22%	19%	12%	12%	28%	30%
173	Advertising and Promotions Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	4,641	17%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	3%	7%	1%	5%	96%	88%
174	Counselors	Community and Social Services	16,647	30%	2%	2%	14%	12%	2%	4%	12%	9%	6%	12%	63%	62%
175	Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioner Support Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	5,739	49%	2%	8%	22%	24%	6%	5%	36%	27%	13%	11%	22%	26%
176	Dental Hygienists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,500	35%	0%	12%	10%	0%	3%	0%	4%	10%	66%	36%	17%	42%
177	Marketing and Sales Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	20,381	26%	0%	1%	3%	4%	1%	1%	9%	8%	4%	7%	84%	79%
178	Paralegals and Legal Assistants	Legal	14,808	27%	1%	2%	7%	11%	3%	3%	14%	10%	8%	12%	67%	62%
179	Accountants and Auditors	Financial Specialists	61,853	44%	0%	1%	3%	2%	1%	1%	3%	3%	4%	6%	89%	87%
180	Architects, Except Naval	Architecture and Engineering	10,711	38%	0%	0%	1%	0%	0%	1%	2%	2%	2%	1%	95%	96%
181	Psychologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	7,803	19%	1%	0%	0%	1%	0%	0%	1%	0%	0%	0%	98%	99%
182	First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,413	40%	8%	18%	37%	26%	2%	7%	24%	9%	7%	8%	22%	32%
183	Producers and Directors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,748	17%	0%	1%	2%	3%	1%	1%	6%	1%	4%	9%	86%	85%
184	Miscellaneous Community and Social Service Specialists	Community and Social Services	8,333	36%	6%	7%	17%	19%	5%	4%	16%	8%	6%	12%	50%	50%
185	Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,942	46%	14%	21%	49%	44%	3%	6%	19%	14%	10%	2%	6%	14%
186	Postsecondary Teachers	Education, Training, and Library	30,316	32%	0%	1%	1%	1%	1%	0%	3%	1%	1%	1%	95%	96%
187	File Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	8,105	35%	12%	14%	26%	33%	8%	5%	29%	12%	5%	12%	20%	23%
188	Miscellaneous office and administrative support workers including desktop publishers	Office and Administrative Support	16,480	33%	2%	15%	17%	18%	4%	5%	18%	13%	9%	14%	50%	36%
189	Bailiffs, Correctional Officers, and Jailers	Protective Service	6,820	17%	4%	0%	19%	24%	6%	0%	34%	33%	15%	27%	22%	16%
190	Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	5,389	45%	5%	6%	29%	33%	9%	4%	29%	18%	6%	15%	22%	25%
191	Registered Nurses	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	45,836	58%	0%	0%	1%	2%	1%	1%	6%	3%	21%	21%	70%	72%
192	Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	6,046	60%	21%	21%	38%	39%	11%	6%	15%	10%	8%	10%	8%	14%
193	Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,041	53%	13%	13%	43%	52%	10%	10%	22%	8%	10%	7%	2%	10%
194	Speech Language Pathologists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,971	16%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	100%
195	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	9,415	64%	2%	4%	30%	33%	7%	10%	48%	33%	9%	10%	4%	10%
196	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	Protective Service	3,695	21%	2%	7%	4%	9%	5%	9%	33%	9%	12%	12%	44%	54%
197	Receptionists and Information Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	27,120	36%	6%	10%	34%	25%	7%	5%	24%	25%	9%	13%	20%	22%
198	Compliance Officers, Except Agriculture, Construction, Health and Safety, and Transportation	Business Operations Specialists	4,980	44%	0%	0%	3%	8%	4%	3%	17%	8%	8%	10%	68%	72%
199	Miscellaneous Legal Support Workers	Legal	5,906	25%	2%	5%	11%	8%	6%	3%	8%	14%	9%	8%	64%	62%
200	Information and Record Clerks, All Other	Office and Administrative Support	1,874	39%	5%	7%	19%	31%	7%	0%	27%	18%	11%	6%	32%	37%
201	Other Teachers and Instructors	Education, Training, and Library	21,582	30%	4%	3%	11%	15%	4%	2%	17%	10%	3%	9%	61%	61%
202	Writers and Authors	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	14,821	14%	0%	1%	2%	2%	0%	0%	3%	1%	0%	2%	94%	93%
203	Miscellaneous material moving workers including shuttle car operators, and tank car, truck, and ship loaders	Transportation and Material Moving	1,507	43%	34%	41%	43%	24%	3%	0%	7%	21%	11%	0%	2%	14%
204	Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	1,439	42%	13%	6%	23%	44%	14%	8%	23%	21%	4%	2%	22%	19%
205	Dieticians and Nutritionists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	2,270	55%	5%	4%	15%	7%	0%	1%	1%	6%	5%	0%	73%	81%
206	Financial Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	32,655	37%	1%	1%	7%	7%	2%	2%	8%	6%	6%	6%	76%	77%
207	Medical Assistants and Other Healthcare Support Occupations, except dental assistants	Healthcare Support	14,933	52%	6%	6%	29%	27%	8%	6%	25%	25%	13%	16%	18%	20%
208	Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,538	45%	0%	6%	36%	15%	10%	8%	19%	29%	11%	13%	25%	29%
209	Financial Analysts	Financial Specialists	7,889	29%	0%	0%	2%	2%	0%	1%	1%	0%	2%	1%	95%	96%
210	Telemarketers	Sales and Related	1,522	19%	4%	20%	39%	0%	11%	0%	18%	20%	4%	15%	23%	44%
211	Market and Survey Researchers	Life, Physical, and Social Science	3,841	29%	1%	0%	0%	2%	1%	0%	6%	4%	2%	2%	91%	93%
212	Postal Service Mail Carriers	Office and Administrative Support	6,679	40%	3%	6%	36%	25%	8%	4%	27%	30%	12%	16%	15%	19%
213	Public Relations Specialists	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	8,971	16%	0%	0%	0%	0%	1%	2%	3%	5%	1%	7%	95%	87%
214	Office Clerks, General	Office and Administrative Support	39,126	38%	5%	9%	29%	25%	6%	5%	27%	19%	8%	13%	25%	30%
215	Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	4,323	52%	10%	19%	44%	28%	10%	7%	15%	16%	10%	11%	10%	19%
216	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	Sales and Related	28,172	28%	0%	1%	4%	2%	1%	1%	6%	6%	1%	4%	88%	87%
217	Actuaries	Computer and Mathematical	1,279	24%	0%	0%	0%	4%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	96%
218	Travel Agents	Sales and Related	2,652	54%	2%	1%	24%	24%	5%	5%	16%	11%	12%	13%	41%	45%
219	Supervisors of Transportation and Material Moving Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	5,190	37%	9%	11%	34%	40%	11%	1%	19%	17%	11%	15%	16%	17%
220	Physical Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,917	51%	0%	1%	0%	2%	0%	2%	2%	0%	0%	0%	98%	95%
221	Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	Construction and Extraction	1,242	64%	7%	12%	29%	43%	20%	9%	34%	17%	0%	8%	11%	10%
222	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	Office and Administrative Support	32,097	34%	2%	5%	22%	21%	6%	4%	20%	14%	10%	10%	39%	47%
223	Musicians, Singers, and Related Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	9,242	31%	3%	4%	12%	13%	5%	5%	17%	13%	7%	7%	56%	59%
224	Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	Production	1,515	37%	5%	3%	17%	13%	3%	5%	15%	17%	6%	13%	53%	49%
225	Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	25,054	46%	3%	5%	29%	22%	7%	5%	25%	21%	7%	12%	29%	35%
226	Social and Community Service Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	12,030	22%	0%	3%	7%	3%	3%	2%	4%	5%	5%	6%	80%	81%
227	Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	2,713	56%	0%	5%	35%	23%	3%	4%	38%	29%	6%	17%	18%	22%
228	Transportation Attendants	Personal Care and Service	4,183	34%	5%	5%	39%	33%	5%	1%	13%	22%	13%	10%	25%	29%
229	Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	Office and Administrative Support	2,426	39%	9%	15%	35%	30%	15%	0%	26%	21%	8%	15%	8%	19%
230	Electrical and Electronics Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	2,148	53%	0%	0%	7%	4%	5%	0%	11%	11%	10%	10%	67%	75%
231	Computer Scientists and Systems Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	20,430	44%	1%	2%	6%	4%	3%	2%	9%	6%	5%	7%	75%	79%
232	Computer and Information Systems Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	8,319	43%	0%	1%	5%	2%	1%	0%	4%	5%	5%	2%	85%	90%
233	Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	Office and Administrative Support	3,846	32%	2%	1%	20%	15%	6%	2%	19%	17%	11%	21%	43%	43%
234	Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators	Business Operations Specialists	3,502	36%	2%	9%	13%	9%	4%	1%	18%	13%	16%	12%	47%	56%
235	Civil Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	4,490	60%	0%	1%	3%	1%	0%	0%	7%	1%	1%	3%	89%	95%
236	Tax Preparers	Financial Specialists	1,601	57%	0%	3%	11%	5%	3%	0%	18%	14%	2%	2%	67%	76%
237	Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	2,315	56%	4%	4%	14%	7%	2%	0%	8%	15%	20%	17%	52%	57%
238	Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	8,924	36%	1%	0%	3%	4%	3%	5%	13%	8%	6%	6%	74%	78%
239	Miscellaneous Social Scientists, Including Survey Researchers and Sociologists	Life, Physical, and Social Science	1,545	31%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	5%	4%	6%	5%	89%	91%
240	Financial Specialists, All Other	Financial Specialists	2,911	33%	0%	0%	5%	12%	2%	2%	18%	7%	4%	2%	72%	78%
241	Postal Service Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	4,489	33%	6%	7%	47%	46%	11%	3%	24%	18%	6%	9%	5%	16%
242	Medical Scientists, and Life Scientists, All Other	Life, Physical, and Social Science	4,026	70%	0%	1%	2%	0%	0%	0%	2%	0%	0%	0%	96%	99%
243	Medical and Health Services Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	13,451	40%	1%	2%	11%	9%	3%	1%	12%	7%	10%	12%	62%	69%
244	Data Entry Keyers	Office and Administrative Support	11,125	38%	5%	9%	28%	23%	7%	5%	25%	14%	12%	18%	23%	31%
245	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	Computer and Mathematical	4,108	39%	2%	2%	4%	6%	3%	1%	15%	11%	20%	11%	56%	68%
246	Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,948	51%	38%	31%	45%	42%	0%	0%	15%	8%	2%	7%	0%	12%
247	Software Developers, Applications and Systems Software	Computer and Mathematical	10,273	48%	1%	0%	3%	1%	1%	1%	8%	6%	4%	2%	83%	90%
248	Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	Financial Specialists	1,194	37%	0%	5%	19%	0%	4%	0%	24%	11%	6%	21%	48%	63%
249	Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	Office and Administrative Support	1,683	29%	0%	6%	12%	6%	4%	3%	17%	0%	13%	17%	53%	68%
250	Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	Office and Administrative Support	3,764	34%	15%	14%	52%	41%	2%	7%	22%	17%	3%	11%	5%	11%
251	Database Administrators	Computer and Mathematical	1,733	44%	0%	0%	6%	10%	2%	0%	8%	5%	15%	4%	68%	81%
252	Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	Business Operations Specialists	3,071	30%	2%	#DIV/0!	17%	#DIV/0!	1%	#DIV/0!	17%	#DIV/0!	8%	#DIV/0!	54%	#DIV/0!
253	Meeting and Convention Planners	Business Operations Specialists	2,660	17%	1%	0%	9%	0%	7%	0%	6%	10%	3%	15%	74%	75%
254	Purchasing Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	2,409	32%	1%	0%	4%	7%	4%	0%	20%	3%	6%	14%	67%	77%
255	Radio and Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	3,289	40%	9%	10%	23%	24%	4%	1%	17%	6%	16%	12%	30%	47%
256	Dental Assistants	Healthcare Support	4,722	53%	12%	8%	31%	33%	5%	7%	30%	13%	11%	19%	10%	21%
257	Pharmacists	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	4,142	59%	0%	1%	0%	1%	0%	1%	19%	7%	1%	1%	80%	91%
258	Teacher Assistants	Education, Training, and Library	28,360	35%	7%	9%	34%	23%	9%	8%	23%	19%	12%	14%	15%	28%
259	Billing and Posting Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	9,915	36%	3%	4%	23%	20%	8%	5%	28%	20%	12%	12%	26%	39%
260	Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	2,918	39%	6%	2%	23%	36%	6%	3%	33%	13%	11%	13%	21%	33%
261	Loan Interviewers and Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	1,036	35%	0%	0%	14%	12%	2%	4%	24%	19%	19%	6%	40%	60%
262	Computer Hardware Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,317	63%	0%	0%	7%	7%	0%	0%	13%	8%	32%	19%	48%	65%
263	Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters	Architecture and Engineering	3,571	37%	5%	3%	31%	16%	7%	1%	16%	23%	10%	19%	31%	38%
264	Telephone Operators	Office and Administrative Support	1,487	35%	26%	6%	28%	14%	7%	7%	28%	46%	3%	8%	9%	19%
265	Public Relations and Fundraising Managers	Management, Business, Science, and Arts	1,996	21%	0%	0%	4%	0%	0%	0%	4%	0%	1%	0%	90%	100%
266	Diagnostic Related Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	3,638	47%	0%	0%	23%	10%	3%	3%	14%	10%	24%	31%	35%	46%
267	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	Office and Administrative Support	3,517	26%	4%	#DIV/0!	32%	#DIV/0!	10%	#DIV/0!	22%	#DIV/0!	11%	#DIV/0!	22%	#DIV/0!
268	Miscellaneous Media and Communication Workers	Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media	3,445	61%	0%	3%	6%	8%	1%	2%	32%	11%	6%	3%	54%	73%
269	Subway, Streetcar, and Other Rail Transportation Workers	Transportation and Material Moving	1,110	26%	0%	5%	51%	29%	18%	6%	9%	21%	14%	12%	8%	26%
270	Parking Lot Attendants	Transportation and Material Moving	4,931	78%	33%	23%	40%	35%	3%	3%	17%	12%	2%	7%	4%	20%
271	Other Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians	Life, Physical, and Social Science	2,285	36%	0%	2%	13%	12%	2%	0%	18%	5%	5%	7%	62%	73%
272	Locomotive Engineers and Operators	Transportation and Material Moving	1,520	34%	10%	3%	29%	28%	7%	0%	25%	17%	19%	18%	10%	34%
273	Computer Programmers	Computer and Mathematical	12,517	50%	1%	0%	5%	0%	1%	1%	10%	3%	7%	3%	77%	93%
274	Mechanical Engineers	Architecture and Engineering	1,289	53%	0%	0%	38%	22%	0%	4%	19%	12%	7%	16%	36%	47%
275	Miscellaneous engineeers including nuclear engineers	Architecture and Engineering	2,876	47%	0%	1%	7%	0%	3%	0%	12%	3%	0%	3%	79%	93%
276	Construction and Building Inspectors	Construction and Extraction	1,546	48%	4%	6%	22%	2%	12%	2%	12%	19%	19%	12%	30%	59%
277	Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	Office and Administrative Support	1,302	34%	16%	3%	28%	33%	14%	17%	26%	18%	13%	6%	3%	23%
278	Operations Research Analysts	Computer and Mathematical	1,654	43%	0%	0%	10%	0%	8%	0%	6%	3%	4%	0%	71%	97%
279	Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians	Healthcare Practitioners and Technical	7,335	57%	6%	1%	11%	8%	2%	0%	18%	9%	10%	4%	53%	78%
280	First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	Protective Service	2,740	16%	0%	0%	14%	4%	8%	4%	22%	20%	15%	0%	42%	72%
281	Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides	Healthcare Support	1,059	65%	12%	0%	18%	22%	0%	5%	18%	10%	30%	28%	23%	35%
282	Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	Financial Specialists	1,500	42%	0%	0%	10%	0%	3%	0%	20%	9%	11%	9%	56%	82%
283	Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	Office and Administrative Support	1,597	42%	8%	3%	30%	10%	5%	8%	9%	9%	20%	17%	28%	53%
284	Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	Production	2,398	45%	14%	10%	46%	35%	5%	4%	22%	9%	6%	11%	7%	31%
285	Computer Support Specialists	Computer and Mathematical	8,271	38%	2%	0%	14%	5%	11%	2%	18%	8%	9%	7%	46%	78%
286	Transportation Inspectors	Transportation and Material Moving	1,530	57%	3%	1%	40%	22%	9%	5%	26%	13%	5%	10%	16%	49%
287	Other Education, Training, and Library Workers	Education, Training, and Library	2,117	27%	7%	0%	9%	0%	0%	6%	19%	0%	5%	2%	60%	92%

Note: In all cases, data is for occupations with more than 1,000 workers.

"Where Immigrant New Yorkers Go to Work" is a publication of the Center for an Urban Future. Written by Christian González-Rivera. Edited by Eli Dvorkin.

Center for an Urban Future (CUF) is a catalyst for smart and sustainable policies that reduce inequality, increase economic mobility, and grow the economy in New York City. An independent, nonpartisan policy organization, CUF uses fact-based research to elevate important and often overlooked issues onto the radar of policymakers and advance practical solutions that strengthen New York and help all New Yorkers participate in the city’s rising prosperity.

General operating support for the Center for an Urban Future (CUF) is provided by the Bernard F. and Alva B. Gimbel Foundation. CUF would also like to acknowledge the Altman Foundation for its generous support of the Center's research on workforce development issues.

Some data in this brief originally appeared in "A City of Immigrant Workers," a report published in April 2016 by the Center for an Urban Future and the Center for Popular Democracy with funding from the Ford Foundation and the New York Foundation.

Metro, by Kimberly M. Aquilina , October 07, 2016

Queens Immigrant Workers’ Impact On Economy

Queens Tribune, by Ariel Hernandez, October 20, 2016

Few immigrants work in the city’s entertainment scene

Crain's, by Gerald Schifman, October 29, 2016

Queens Immigrants’ Role In The Economy

Queens Tribune, by James Farrell, March 30, 2017

English Classes Give West African Immigrants a New Lease on Life

NY City Lens , by Ashley Okwuosa, October 10, 2017